Dell: Competitive Advantage Case Study

dingle Competitive favour Case StudyDell Computer is a leader in the e- handicraft computer hardw atomic number 18 market. It is an established brand that leads personal computer manufacturers both in U.S. sales and overall online sales. Its trademark method of selling products to customers, corporate and individual consumers, originates from the Dell rail pretending, a Web-en satisfactoryd infrastructure that allows customers to customize their PCs and order opposite products they need or desire. This virtual integration structure eliminates the need to manufacture everything, and instead drills the power of the mesh to share and exchange schooling with suppliers and vendors to build a truly superlative supply strand that keeps inventory turnover low and costs to a minimal (Harrington, 2002).The primary method Dell uses in order to earn and sustain their hawkish utility is a unique, direct to customer business model (Dell, 2007). The model is known as Dell Direct, ref erring to the relationship between the company and its customers as being direct. This model helps Dell focus on price for customization, service and support, performance, in vogue(p) applied science and superior shareholder quantify. Additionally, Dell is able to distinguish itself from its competitors with its customized on- demand manufacturing. Through customisation of the products manufactured by dell, the company has the ability to offer more value for the money of its customers due to the removal of the intermediaries in the manufacturing, procurement and distribution processes of Dell.Dells primary resources include the most advanced technology, which allows the company to successfully move along their superior supply chain and achieve the value they strive for. Dells value chain allows Dell and its suppliers to exchange information and interact with each some another(prenominal). The profits, Dells great IT factor in its success, results in lower costs to customers t han other retailers, the customers tell Dell exactly what they want and Dell creates products for the consumer without experiencing wasteful resources in production (Breen, 2004).Overall, it is evident that Dells competitive advantage lies in its Direct model success. Through Dells IT performance, which combines its resources, its relationship with suppliers and its consumer communication capabilities, Dell has attained a big advantage over its competitors.Analysis of Dells Competitive AdvantageDell carries the tag of being, one of the best computer systems company in the world. Dell is able to sustain a competitive advantage over competitors in the computer patience because of an extremely efficient supply chain/distribution system. Dell is able to achieve superior profits in the industry because they are a knowledgeable user of information, communication, e-commerce, e-business, profit, and web technologies.Dell implements a Just-In-Time inventory system which operates on only 6 age of inventory. Dell is able to achieve greater profit margins and increased profits because of their inventory system. Inventory and labor are the highest liabilities of a firm. Operating only with 6 days of inventory, allows Dell to narrow its expenses on hiring people to track and maintain inventory, warehousing, and holding on to obsolete technology. This allows Dell to free up cash flow to invest in other value adding activities.The direct Model strategy compels the company to use a JIT inventory system, as the customers are only allowed to order directly from Dell. Dell uses their website www.Dell.com to blast customers orders. The organization focuses on direct sales, cutting out other distribution channels entirely. This allows for a deeper relationship with the customers whereby Dell can offer their customers discontinue service, savings, convenience, and efficiency.Dells use of the internet has revolutionized the company. Dells extremely consumer friendly website of fers the customers to place their orders with ease. The separate Premier Pages on Dells website designed for Dells large accounts like corporation, educational institutions and Government, delivers easy navigation, dynamic price upgrades and liberal range of available options. Customer relationship management software keeps close tabs on the types of computers that customers are buying.Not only does Dell use the internet to take a crap the customer ordering process easier. They also use the internet to build better relationships with their suppliers. In order for Dell to work off of 6 days of inventory, their suppliers have to be very involved in the company to recognize sure superior service is met. The use of art production planning programs assistant in predicting the quantities of components needed to build the computers. The forecast is passed to the supplier, who respond with cost estimates and plan their production as a result.Dells e-commerce is a huge part of their comp etitive advantage. Their e-commerce internet infrastructure is so advanced and knowledgeable that by using it to determine trends and demands of their products, they have gained superiority over their competitors.Dell has set up strategic alliances with other companies to have their products sold on Dells direct selling distribution channel. Back in 2000, Palm, Inc. made an agreement with Dell to offer an expanded line of take hold Palm products and accessories. This agreement allowed Dell to drive momentum for the Palm operating system market (Dell 2000, April 17). Along with Palm, Xerox also partnered with Dell to take advantage of Dells e-commerce. Advantages to Xerox were increased profits by offering the printers with the Dell computers. Advantages to Dell include selling high quality printers along with their computers, but more importantly, it allowed Dell to be involved in the customer buying process for printers. Being involved in the decision making process is the key to Dells success because they imbibe directly what the customers want and determine their production schedule from that information (Dell 2000, May 22).Dell achieves its competitive advantage over other firms in the industry by having superior supply chain management. Dell utilizes technology to interpret information. By being involved in the customer buying process they are able to determine their customers needs. This allows Dell to streamline production and have close relationships with their suppliers which results in getting timely deliveries in order to mass customize customers computers.Analysis of Dells vexation ModelThe foursome markets within an industry are defined as Business to Business, Business to Consumer, Consumer to Business, and Consumer to Consumer. Dell focuses on Business to Business and Business to Consumer commerce to satisfy their business and individual customers. Dell differentiates between classes of customers because the needs of their business customers , who buy large quantities of computers, are different than the individuals who want to configure a iodin unit. Dells business model is no secret, of course, and its been emulated with considerably less success by many of its competitors (Henricks, 2003).Dells initial success was due to its early implementation of the internet as the means of sales and marketing. Dells direct-to-the-customer strategy presents a highly attractive cost advantage thats tough to ignore. Their direct interaction with their customers continues to be a key driver in sales for the quarter (2000). Dells early work with using the internet helped them get a jump on their competition while their competition was purpose it difficult to conduct successful Business to Business operations online since exchanges are still in their infancy and many havent even gone live yet. twin(a) customer ease of ordering and direct interaction through the internet proved successful because Dell believes that it is the custome r that drives the business model.Dell recognized the challenges in dealing with the customers and fragmented them into 2 distinctive groups with different needs, dealing with the business customers (like corporations) and dealing with individual customers. Dell has done a remarkable job managing these two different types of consumers thus far. In the last couple of years, Dell decided to split their operations into two different websites with separate B2B sites. With separate sites, Dell intend to simplify the Internet procurement process for businesses and institutions of all sizes, generating savings that can range to millions of dollars annually for large customers (1999). However, this idea failed, and Dell had to shut down its B2B site, four months after it launched. Dell said the site failed to attract more than three suppliers.Recommendations to build sustainable competitive advantage in futureAfter analyzing Dells IT and their competitive advantage as a result of their adv anced and successful IT, it was challenging to come up with recommendations to help them achieve more success in an industry that they already prosper in. However, even with Dells current success, we realize that in an ever-changing technology industry, there is always room for improvement.1) Dell should consider selectively adding other vendors to its supply chain management system. Due to the increase in Dells global sales, Dell may need to consider to selectively adding additional suppliers to their supply chain management system. The additional suppliers should not result in any significant cost to Dell and Dell might be able to negotiate better component costs from new suppliers. New suppliers would want to participate in this exchange because they would be seen doing business with a leading technology company2) phthisis Customer Surveys to gain market share. Although Dell does well in its markets overseas, Dell has lost some domestic market share and has more potential overse as. It is important for Dell to advertise and get their products noticed in international markets. In order achieve this goal, in-depth customer satisfaction surveys should be used in markets where they remains their competition. .3) Invest more in Research and Development. With the growth of quality competition, it is crucial for Dell to keep its competitive advantage by offering new technology products and services. Dell should consider expanding into peripheral product markets that would compliment their computer sales.4) Dell could offer online data back-up capabilities. Another way to increase revenue is to offer be customers (business and individual consumers) back-up capabilities on Dells own servers. This process will have advantages for both consumers and Dell. For consumers, especially businesses, if something happens to their plants and computer systems, they can always retrieve their data from Dell who has their information backed up offsite on their system. By keeping their data saved at another location that is maintained by Dell, Dell can make money by charging for this additional service. Dell also has a built-in customer list based on the sales that they make for computer systems.5) grow customer support services. Since successful customer support and communications are crucial to Dells success, it is important that Dell keeps enough well-trained people on the phones and on the Internet for customer support. Based on the results of some surveys that say that Dell might be losing customers because of actual or perceived decrease in support, Dell should do a cost-benefit analysis to determine whether they should invest in more people who can answer technical questions support customers with their problems and needs.ReferencesDell.com, Supplier Principles Supply Chain precaution System, 2007, viewed 9th April 2011 Harrington, L, The Accelerated Value Chain Supply chain management just got smarter, faster and more cost-effective, thanks to a groundbreaking alliance between Intel and i2 technologies, 2002Breen, Bill, documentation in Dell Time. Fast Company, 2004, viewed on 10th April 2011,

Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-Aged

Increased Risk of cardiovascular Disease in Middle-AgedCommunity C are Plan Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-Aged to Elderly Populations in MesquiteAssessmentCommunity Nursing DX Increased risk of exposure for cardiovascular disease in snapper aged to elderly populations in the Mesquite (75150) related to the behavioral health habits as evidenced by leading cause of mortality statistics (heart disease, dshs.state.tx.us), naughtyer respect of smoking/excessive alcohol consumption relative to state (countyhealthrankings.org), increased rate of physical inactivity relative to state (countyhealthrankings.org), prevalence of sedentary occupations (factfinder2.census.gov), the deficiency of alimental status and fitness facilities (city-data.com countyhealthrankings.org), and a lack of schedules that offer educational materials about the disease no programs found in Mesquite (75150) via online search.Community Goal on that point ordain be a strike in Dallas Coun ty (which includes 75150) in behavioral risk factor surveillance percentage for cardiovascular disease from 8.6% (in 2010 survey) to 8.0%.Nursing InterventionsrationaleCommunity Outcome CriteriaEvaluationPossible SolutionsLeading cause of mortality is heart disease 3,218 deaths/13,966 from all diseases behavioral risk factor surveillance for 2010 for MI 4.5 % which is highest of all metropolitan areas in TX for CV disease 8.6%, which is at bottom the top 3 (dshs.state.tx.us)Management, business, science and art occupations constitute 27.8% of occupations sales and office occupations constitute 30.4% (other occupations more active than these sedentary occupations factfinder2.census.gov) 9 parks in 75150 (city-data.com)Adult smoking- 16%, BMI over 30 31%, persons over 20 years reporting no leisure prison term physical activity 25% binge plus heavy drinking 14% (countyhealthrankings.org) Need more culture to assess nutrition besides income ($46,788 residents below poverty leve l 12.1%, city-data.com) data needed in regards to city rather than county access to recreational facilities 7, limited access to healthy nutriments 8%, fast nutrient restaurants 53% (countyhealthrankings.org)8.3% unemployed 82.5% high school or higher 19.4% bachelors or higher 5.8% graduate/professional degree (city-data.com)Preventable infirmary stays -59 ratio of residents to PCPs 1,5851 uninsured 31% (countryhealthrankings.org)Assess forfor risk factors such as family history, sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical activity, imbalanced diet, smoking, access to leave medical care, and health literacy level also provide primary taproom by assessing middle aged and older populations without cardiovascular disease.Assessment of risk factors is inherent for early detection of heart disease.Hearts For Life A Community Program on Heart Health Promotion (2003). Retrieved from http//health.mo.gov/ data/interventionmica/HeartDiseaseandStroke/3118.pdfResidents allow be screened for factors contributing to cardiovascular disease at local churches, major(postnominal) centers, nursing homes, assisted living, libraries, recreation centers, and so on Nurses pass on provide proper follow up and referral for results of concern as well as provide education in regards to specific risk factors and how to control modifiable risk factors.Middle-aged and elderly residents will be asked about their known risk factors on initial screening during Fall 2014. Residents will also be asked about how they can personally qualifying their modifiable risk factors in regards diet, behaviors, exercise. Will request follow up on health status at next available screening clipping (every 6 months at a specific location varied locations for screenings and assessments throughout the year). Will also request that families attend with younger members to initiate primary prevention and aid in care and involvement in elderly residents health.Residents at higher risk will be assessed fu rther and provided with references to a preferred clinic turn up or physician depending on each residents financial status.Refer to assessment data aboveMore information needed on specific HTN prevalence, high cholesterol prevalence Personally observed data at CC-Young Retirement Community Many residents unaware of what medication they are taking, especially if they are non self-administering, some even unaware of having HTN or high cholesterol.Conduct personal line of credit pressure screenings at local churches, senior centers, nursing homes, assisted living, libraries, recreation centers, etc.Reducing risk factors for CV disease include evaluation of BP.Example of Evidence base Interventions at a Glance (n.d.). Retrieved from http//health.mo.gov/ data/interventionmica/Heart DiseaseandStroke/index_5.htmlResidents will be screened regularly at listed locations on a monthly basis for blood pressure. Resident will be told and educated about normal and brachydactylic ranges, sign s and symptoms to watch out for (chest pain, SOB dizziness, fatigue, sweating), and how to self-assess with a sphygmomanometer if at higher risk/ contrive abnormals. Residents will also be provided follow up and referral locations if higher risk/have abnormals.Residents will be quizzed verbally on normal/abnormal blood pressure readings at the end of screenings on that same day. They will also be able to list at least 3 adverse signs and symptoms associated with cardiovascular disease, at the end of screening that day. For higher risk residents, will have them demonstrate how to take blood pressure. Will request resident to bring family members to come to next screenings so they can also learn to take blood pressure.Those residents at higher risk will be assessed further and provided with references to a preferred clinic site or physician depending on each residents financial status. If contingent with funding for supplies, provide free supplies for self-checking.More information n eeded about programs offered at said locations, need to advertise to public.9 parks in 75150 (city-data.com) 4 recreation centers in Mesquite (cityofmesquite.com)Exercise programs offered at local churches, senior centers, nursing homes, assisted living, recreation centers, fitness centers, etc.FAME fitness program ground to be effective in reducing CV risks.Example of Evidence Based Interventions at a Glance (n.d.). Retrieved from http//health.mo.gov/ data/interventionmica/Heart DiseaseandStroke/index_5.htmlResidents will be able to participate in exercise programs and calculate a target heart rate and taking pulse for exercise. Instructors will provide evaluations of exercise skills taught during classes as well as surveying the frequency of residents personal exercise schedule.Residents will be evaluated of their physical progress over a 6 week time span for achieving their target heart rate during exercise.Provide incentives to return to exercise classes, such as rewards for ac hieving target rate like gift cards or prizes.Refer to assessment data aboveMore information needed on specific nutritional food access, dietary choices, height/weight, daily food consumption.1 Wal-Mart, 1 Kroger, 1 Albertsons in 75150 other listed business include many fast food restaurants (city-data.com)Dietary education at local churches, senior centers, nursing homes, assisted living, recreation centers, libraries, fitness centers.CARDES dietary programs have shown to be effective in decreasing rates of CV disease.Example of Evidence Based Interventions at a Glance (n.d.). Retrieved from http//health.mo.gov/ data/interventionmica/Heart DiseaseandStroke/index_5.htmlResidents will be able to give 24 hour recall for assessment of diet and be recommended appropriate portions and amount of food based off of MyPlate. Portions, ingredients, etc. will be modified for those with HTN and diabetes. Will also offer referrals to dieticians.Residents will give an representative of a healthy meal by drawing and/or verbalizing their own MyPlate. Residents will inform on how the food was prepared, where the ingredients would be bought and if those ingredients are within their budget. For those who may not be able to afford at the typical grocery, will offer information on local food banks and food stamp programs. finding locations where nutritional foods are offered. Assessing locations that give away free food such as churches and senior centers for nutrition is important providing instruction about preparation of food in a healthy manner is critical to dietary health.Refer to data from above in regards to smoking rate in Dallas countyMore information needed on revenue enhancement funds used from cigarette purchases and accurate pricing of average cost of cigarettes.Cheaper brands of cigarettes, $4 more expensive brands $5 (city-data.org/forum) gain with law makers to increase prices of cigarettes and use of increase in net tax for antismoking education campaign.Study of the impact of $0.25 increase in price with California tobacco Program that allocated $0.05 for anti-tobacco educational campaign. Showed a decrease of 2.93 deaths per 100,000 per year and decrease in amount of packs smoked to 2.72.New York Academy of Medicine (n.d.). A compendium of prove community- based prevention programs. Retrieved from http//healthyamericans.org/assets/files/NYAM_Compendium.pdfResidents who smoke will cut down the amount of packs of cigarettes bought per week. In an anti-smoking campaign, will educate residents on how much money could be deliver by cutting down. Will also offer education of alternatives for quitting in antismoking campaigns like nicotine patches and gum.Referring to local authorities data on cigarette sales to evaluate the amount of sales (if not decreased), noting for the increase in price, and use of net tax funds for allocation of educational programs.Petitioning with support of local residents for distribution of tax funds towards edu cational programs on smoking. Also working with public health center to work with government to offer incentives to cigarette companies to raise prices can be a possible solution.Personal experience of finding information and programs offered regarding CV disease and health in 75150 and Mesquite poor, not much information via internet, radio or TV only current mass public media span observed regarding health are acetaminophen precautions.More information needed on listings in local newspapers.Mass media campaign commercials about health statistics regarding CV disease, educational programs, aspirin/NTG medication education over billboards, radio, TV, newspaper, internet.The Stanford Five-City Project mass media program along with other programs saw decreases in BMI, HTN, glucose and CV risk factors.New York Academy of Medicine (n.d.). A compendium of proven community- based prevention programs. Retrieved from http//healthyamericans.org/assets/files/NYAM_Compendium.pdfResidents will be more informed about reducing CV risk via information through the media about dietary changes, exercise, etc.Evaluation via use of government data on decrease in mortality rates, statistics. Also if using online media, provide surveys for feedback of helpfulness.Increased awareness in the media driven society can yarn-dye peoples perspectives on health.Currently there is only a ban on just bars and restaurants in Mesquite there is no state immense regulated ban on workplace (no-smoke.org smokefreetexas.org)More information needed on lists of specific businesses and workplaces that do allow smoking.Working with lawmakers to ban smoking within all enclosed workplaces.A worksite intervention program targeting individuals who smoke saw a decrease in the amount of people who smoked, reduction in diastolic BP and reduction in cholesterol.New York Academy of Medicine (n.d.). A compendium of proven community- based prevention programs. Retrieved from http//healthyamericans.org/assets/f iles/NYAM_Compendium.pdfThere will be a decrease in the prevalence of smoking in the workplace.Evaluation will not be done if enacted into law evaluation by law enforcement and fines.There are surveys and petitions that can be taken in support of banning smoking in all workplace facilities there is a current survey that indicates widespread support of state wide law (smokefreetexas.org)

Chemical Constituents From Lepidogrammitis Drymoglossoides

Chemical Constituents From Lepidogrammitis DrymoglossoidesLi-Yuan Zhang, You-Heng Gao*, Ling-Zhi Ren , Ming-Zhu Wan, Teng-Hua WangABSTRACTThis report is related to phytochemical investigation active a Chinese fern Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides. Based on spectroscopic analysis including UV, MS, 1H and 13C- nuclear magnetic resonance as well as their chemical and physical properties, their structures were identified to be -ecdysterone (1), stigmasterol (2), physcion (3), emodin (4), umbelliferone (5), scoparone (6), aesculetin (7), caffeic unpleasant (8), ferulic acid (9), protocatechuic acid (10), pyrocatechualdehyde (11), gallic acid (12), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (13), docosanyl tetracosanoate (14). Compounds 4-6, 9, 12-14 were isolated from the genus Lepidogrammitis for the first time.Keywords Polypodiaceae Lepidogrammitis Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides anthraquinones coumarins phenolic acids1. Subject and sourceLepidogrammitis drymoglossoides (Baker) Ching is a memb er of Polypodiaceae family, which is widely distributed in the south of Yangtze River basin and other provinces in southern China, especially in Guizhou, Fujian, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi provinces. The whole grass of Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides was collected from Xinhui City, Guangdong province, P. R. China, in October 2011. The specie was identified by Prof. Chao-Mei Pan, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Guangzhou University of Chinese Traditional Medicine. A voucher specimen (LY 20111023) has been deposited with the Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Phytochemistry, Guangzhou University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Guangdong, P. R. China. The whole grass was smashed by an electrical grinder and dried in a drying oven under the temperature of 60 before extraction.2. Previous workThe medicinal plant is extensively use in the treatment of pharyngalgia, pulmonary tuberculosis, rheumatism arthritis, lymphnoditis, cholecystitis, urolithiasis, traumatic injury, hyp ertension and furunculosis bloated by the ethnic minorities of Miao, Yao, and Tong (He and Xu, 2007 The Editorial Committee of Chinese Materia Medica, 1999).Previous works revealed that the briny chemical ingredient of Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides is steroids and phenolic acids, triterpenes, anthraquinones and amides are also included (Li Zhifu, 2011). However, little is known concerning the phytochemistry of the specie, especially the bioactive substances, and yet no method has been proposed for the standardization of this herb, which limits the exploitation and commercialization of these medicinal plants.3. look workThe dried whole grass of L. drymoglossoides (21 kg) was extracted with 95% EtOH two times (each for 2 h) by usingheatingcircumfluencemethod. The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure to a in the altogether extract, which was further dissolved in water and extracted in turn with crude oil ether (P), chloroform (CHCl3), EtOAc and n-BuOH to yield 239.5 g, 132 g, 56 g and 122.5 g of the corresponding extracts, respectively .The petroleum ether fraction (100 g) was chromatographed over silicon oxide gel column using P/EtOAc (1001-0100) to give 8 fractions (Fr.1-8) based on tender loving care analysis. Fr.4 was separated on silicon oxide gel CC by eluting with P/EtOAc (301), and because was purified repeatedly by Sephadex LH-20 column with CHCl3/MeOH (11) to obtain 2 (18.4 mg).The chloroform fraction (100 g) was subjected to a silicon oxide gel column chromatography (CC) with the gradient (P/EtOAc 10000100) as eluants to afford 9 fractions (Fr.1-9) based on TLC analysis. Fr.1 was separated on silica gel CC by eluting with P/EtOAc (1001-0100), and then was purified by Sephadex LH-20 column with CHCl3/MeOH (21) to obtain 3 (18.4 mg).Fr.2 was submitted to silica gel CC eluted with P/EtOAc gradient (1001, 501, 01) to give 5 sub-fractions (Fr.C1-C5). Fr.C2 was purified by Sephadex LH-20 column with CHCl3/MeOH (11) as eluant to yield 14 (102 mg). Fr.9 was separated on silica gel CC by eluting with P/EtOAc (101, 51, 11, 01), and then was further separated by semi-preparative RP-HPLC with nomadic phase of CH3CN/H2O (5545) to afford 4 (mg).The EtOAc fraction (50 g) was subjected to a silica gel CC with using gradient mixtures of CHCl3/MeOH (1000-0100) as eluants to afford 10 fractions (Fr.1-10) based on TLC analysis. Fr.2 was submitted to silica gel CC eluted with CH2Cl2/MeOH gradient (1000-0100), and then was purified by Sephadex LH-20 column with CHCl3/MeOH (21) to obtain 6 (18.4 mg). Fr.3 was subjected to a silica gel CC with using gradient mixtures of CH2Cl2/MeOH (1000-0100) as eluants to produce 13 (18.4 mg). Fr.4 was separated on silica gel CC by eluting with CH2Cl2/MeOH (2001-0100), and then was purified by Sephadex LH-20 column with CHCl3/MeOH (11) to obtain 11 (18.4 mg). Fr.5 was subjected to silica gel CC eluted with CH2Cl2/MeOH (701-01) to give 4 sub-fractions (Fr.E1-E5). Fr.E2-3 was resubjected to sili ca gel CC eluting with CH2Cl2/MeOH (501-01), and then was purified by Sephadex LH-20 column with CHCl3/MeOH (11) to obtain 5 (18.4 mg). Fr.E4 was resubmitted sequentially to silica gel CC eluting with CH2Cl2/MeOH (501-01), Sephadex LH-20 column with CHCl3/MeOH (11) as eluent repeatedly, and preparative TLC with mobile phase of CHCl3/MeOH/ CH2O2 (2010.2) to afford 7 (18.4 mg). Fr.6 was separated on D101 macroporous resin (MeOH/H2O, 0100, 5050, 7030, 1000) to yield four main fractions(Fr.E1-4). Fr.E1 was then seperated on a reversed-phase C18 column (MeOH/H2O, 0100-1000) to give 4 sub-fractions (Fr.ER1-4). Fr.ER1 was subjected to silica gel CC eluted with CHCl3/MeOH (301, 201, 101, 01) to give 4 sub-fractions (Fr.ERC1-4). Fr.ERC3 was chromatographed over silica gel column using CH2Cl2/MeOH (301-01) and followed by Sephadex LH-20 CHCl3/MeOH (11) as eluent to produce compound 9 (18.4 mg) and 10 (mg). Fr.ERC4 was further separated by semi-preparative RP-HPLC with mobile phase of CH3CN/H2 O-0.3%CH2O2 (2080) to afford compound 8 (18.4 mg). Fr.8 was separated by D101 macroporous resin (MeOH/H2O, 0100, 3070, 5050, 7030, 1000) to yield 5 fractions (Fr.ED1-5). Fr.ED2-3 was submitted successively to silica gel CC eluting with CH2Cl2/MeOH (501-01), silica gel CC eluting with CH2Cl2/MeOH (301-01), reversed-phase C18 column (MeOH/H2O, 0100-1000), Sephadex LH-20 column with CHCl3/MeOH (11) to afford 1 (18.4 mg) and 12 (mg).By comparison of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra data with those reported, compounds 1-14 (Fig. 1) were identified to be -ecdysterone (1) (Wu et al., 2006), stigmasterol (2) (Wu et al., 2008), physcion (3) (Qin and Liang, 2013), emodin (4) (Wei et al., 2012), umbelliferone (5) (Zheng et al., 2011), scoparone (6) (Chen et al., 2012), aesculetin (7) (Qian et al., 2007), caffeic acid (8) (Huang et al., 2013), ferulic acid (9) (Wei et al., 2014), protocatechuic acid (10) (Zheng et al., 2006 ), pyrocatechualdehyde (11) (Zhou and Yang, 2008), gallic acid (12) (Li et al ., 2012), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (13) (Zhang et al., 2011), and docosanyl tetracosanoate (14) (Zhang Qian, 2010).1 2 3 R=CH34 R=H5 R1=H, R2=H 8 R=H 10_R1=H, R2=OH 136 R1=OCH3, R2=CH 9 R=CH3 11 R1=H, R2=H7 R1=OH, R2=H 12 R1=OH, R2=OH14Fig.1. 14 compounds from Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides.4. Chemotaxonomic significanceThe main chemical component types of L. drymoglossoides in previously research are steroids and phenolic acids. This current research discusses the isolation and identification of a series of chemical constituents from L. drymoglossoides, compounds 1-14 were classified as steroids (1, 2), anthraquinones (3, 4), coumarins (5-7), phenolic acids (8-13) and fatty acids (14). Among them, compounds 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 14 were isolated from this species for the first time. In addition, compounds3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14 have non been reported in any species of the genus Lepidogrammitis. And also this is the first report of compounds 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14 from the family Polypodiaceae.There are some 5 species in the genus Lepidogrammitis which are both autochthonal to China, and only one specie spreads to India, Burma, Laos and Vietnam (Kunming engraft of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2005). L. drymoglossoides mentionedabove is the only one that be studied up to now. To the best of my knowledge, other species in genus Drynaria, genus Pyrrosia Mirbel and Lepisorus from the family Polypodiaceae have been studied more in recent years home and abroad. Drynaria mainly contains flavones, triterpenoids and phenylpropanoids. Thechemicalcomponentsisolated from Pyrrosia Mirbel include mainlyflavonoid glycosidesand xanthanes. Several of the compounds isolated in this study have been previously isolated and identified from genus mentionedabove. For example, ecdysterone (1) were isolated from L. marginatus, L. thunbergianus, L. longus, L. contortus, L. macrosphaerus, L. albertii and L. ussuriensis (Zhang et al., 2012 Xu Dongying, 199 7 Yao et al., 2004 Zhang Xiaojing, 2012 Choi et al., 1999). Stigmasterol (2) has been identified from P. calvata (Zheng et al., 1999) and P. gralla (Zheng et al., 1998) while caffeic acid (8), protocatechuic acid(9) and protocatechuic acid(10) have been obtained from R. Drynariae, P. petiolosa and P. sheareri (Han and Wang, 1984 ShanghaiFirstMedical College, 1973 Liang et al., 2010 Wang et al., 2003). But there are no reports of physcion (3), emodin (4), umbelliferone (5), scoparone (6), aesculetin (7) in the family Polypodiaceae. In addition, coumarins is a rare constituent in ferns though previously obtained from Polypodium hastatum Thunb., a fern of the same family Polypodiaceae (Yao et al., 2012). Identification of these class of anthraquinones (3, 4) and coumarins (5-7) indicates that they would be used as chemotaxonomic markers for the species L. drymoglossoides within the family. And this investigation may supply characteristic constituents in this genus. But more phytochemis try studies on it are needed.AcknowledgementsThis project was financially supported by a grant from Zhongshan Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong province (No. 20113A082).ReferencesHe S.Z., Xu W.F., 2007. Traditional Chinese medicine resources in Guizhou, Guizhou, 192.The Editorial Committee of Chinese Materia Medica, 1999. Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai, 229-231.Li, Z.F., 2011. Chemical constituents and Antituberculous activity Study of Lepidogrammitis drymoglossoides (Baker) Ching. GuiYang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, GuiYang.Wu, J.J., Wang, H., Ye, W.C., Zuo, X.F., Zhao, S.X., 2006. daybook of China Pharmaceutical University. 37, 487-490.Wu, X., Xia, H.L., Huang, L.H., Chen, D.D., Chen, J.Y., Weng, H.T., 2008. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials. 31, 990-992.Qin, C.M., Liang, H.X., 2013. Chin J fashionable Drug Appl, Jan. 7, 1-2.Wei, H., He, C.N., Peng, Y., Ma, G.X., Xiao, P.G., 2012. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 37, 1249-1253.Zheng , Z.G., Wang, R.S., Tang, D., He, B., Gu, P., Duan, T.T., Zhu, Q., 2011. Nat Prod Res Dev. 23, 399-400,403.Chen, B.C., Cai, G.M., Yuan, Y., Li, T.T., He, Q., He, J.F., 2012. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae. 18, 98-100.Qian, Z.M., Li, H.J., Qi, F.F., He, Q.H., Li, P., 2007. Chin Pharm J. 42, 1132-1134.Huang, J., Wang, G.C., Li, T., Li, Y.L., Ye, W.C., 2013. Chinese Traditional and herb tea Drugs. 44, 1237-1240.Wei, L.B., Chen, J.M., Zhou, G.X., 2014. Nat Prod Res Dev. 26. 43-46, 59.Zheng, W., Zhou, C.X., Zhang, S.L., Weng, L.J., Zhao Y., 2006. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 31, 892-894.Zhou, Z.J., Yang, J.S., 2008. W C J.P S. 23, 265-266.Li, Y.Q., Lei, X.X, Feng, Y.L., Xu, Q.M., Xu, L.Z., Yang, S.L., 2012. Chin Pharm J. 47, 261-264.Zhang, Z., Xiao, H., Jin, X.F., Yang, Y.S., Liu, G.M., 2011. Lishizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research. 22, 1040-1041.Zhang, Q., 2010. The Studies on the Chemical Constituents in leaves of Sorbus tianschanica Ru per. Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi.Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2005. Flora Yunnanica, Beijing. 21, 341.Zhang, X.J., Ma, J., Zhu, Z.Z., Zhang, H., 2012. Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboratory. 29, 1832-1837.Xu, D.Y., 1997. Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine. 20-21.Yao, Z.S., Xiong, Y.K., Yu, B., 2004. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials. 27, 718-721.Zhang, X.J., 2012. Research about the extraction of chlorogenic acid from 5 plants in Lepisorus and the antioxidant activity of alcohol extract. SHAANXI NORMAL UNIVERSITY, Xian.Choi, Y.H., Kim, J., Choi, Y.H., 1999. Phytochemistry. 51, 453-456.Zheng, X., Yu, L., Liao, R.F., Zhu, B.Y., Xu, Y.L.,Xu, J., 1999. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs. 30, 253-254.Zheng, X., Xu, Y.L., Xu, J., 1998. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 23, 98-99.Han, J.S., Wang, M.S., 1984. Journal of Nanjing College Pharacy. 15, 40-43.ShanghaiFirstMedical College, 1973. Journal of Pharmaceuticals. 1-13.Lian g, Y.H., Ye, M., Zhang, L.Z., Li, H.F., Han, J., Wang B.R., Guo, D.A., 2010. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. 45, 874-878.Wang, N., Wang, J.H., Cheng, j., Li, X., 2003. Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. 20, 425-427.Yao, H.K., Duan, J.Y., Ai, F.W., Li, Y., 2012. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 44, 275-278.1Corresponding authors. Tel.+86 20 39358083.E-mail addresses emailprotected(Y.-H. Gao).

Essays --

Dominique PorterHIS 108 Midterm ProjectCSC Feb 23 2014 Title A forget LovePersonaMargret Marie Link is long time friend and secret admirer of Henry Ford knows a lot about his life. Margret knew Henry from when they were some(prenominal) little kids and had a big crush on him, most of her life. Henry and she would write lynchpin and forth all the way till his success of his line of descent Ford MotorsIntroductionAs you drive in your car today do you ever think to yourself where did all this start? Who made it the invention of the car, when and where? As the best friend of Henry Ford. Im here to tell you the questions you want to hear. StoryHenry Ford was born July 30, 1863, on a recruit in Greenfield Township, Michigan. His father William Ford was born in Country Cork Ireland and his mother Mary Ford was born in Michigan. Henry Ford worn out(p) his childhood on his familys farm, located outside of Detroit, MI. When Henry was twelve, his mother died during childbirth. Henry s father gave him a pocket watch in his early teens. At 15, Henry pull down and reassembled watches and clocks of friends and neighbors dozens of times, and gained the reputation of a watch repairman. Henry repaired my watch plenty of times. I had the very commencement Rolex Oyster watch, in other words, the worlds first water-resistant timepiece. This was no easy watch to work on and just watching how much he loved to take things apart and put it back together just made me think hes going to invent something big one day. I came from a rather wealthy family and this is how I met Henry. Him being only fourteen and I was just barely thirteen I was always being impressed on how good he was at fixing things mechanically. I had a huge crush on Henry and when I would break ... ...air driving 1 mile in 39.4 seconds and setting a new land speed record at 91.3 miles per hour also had convinced the race driver Barney Oldfield to drive his car which made him worldwide. That was the dwell t ime I heard from Henry I guess you could say that he made it big time and forgot about me. I soon colonised down with my husband in 1943 and was driving a car made by Henry himself called the Model T.Me and my husband were planning on moving to Italy in two weeks with our son Tom Link. I went to visit my mom and she gave me an article about how Henry and his wife were anti-Semitic. From 1919 to 1927, his newspaper, the Dearbopendentrn Inde, had a pamphlet called The International Jew. I had a full life of excitement and even though I didnt get o be with the man of my dreams I was glad to be a part of his life but my forgotten love will always remain for him.

Eighteenth Century Literature in Secondary Education Essays -- Educati

Eighteenth Century Literature in Secondary EducationAs a undergraduate student, I need just realized my heat for literature and teaching. In high school, however, English was not my favorite subject. I enjoyed the subject and cherished my challenging teachers, but making a career issue of literature was not something I had planned to do. Now, in my senior year as an English major, I am eager to record the ideas I have for teaching while I am learning, hopefully providing a fresh approach to literature from which future students may benefit.There are different levels of trouble in secondary literature most students comprehend and enjoy the horror of Poes Tell-tale Heart and the tragedy of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, but eighteenth-century British literature is a different story. The style of writing, the subjects the authors choose, and the obscure references to unfamiliar places and people in government and society all present difficulties for understanding this genre of liter ature. The challenge is to present the square using the via media or middle-way a combination of history, style, literary terminology, and entertainment value of the literature writers like Pope, Swift, and Defoe create. William C. Dowling, in his article Teaching Eighteenth-Century Literature in the Pocockian vogue (Or, Flimnap on the Tightrope, Kramnick to the Rescue), says studentsdo not on first encounter like eighteenth-century literatureEvery teacher of eighteenth-century literature knows that if you can get bright students foregone the initial barrier, they will likely be hooked for life (Dowling 524). The idea behind this paper is to present ideas, discussion questions, thoughts, and teaching strategies that will make eig... ...adapted into the eighteenth-century unit. With any(prenominal) luck, the ideas for writing, discussion, and projects presented in this paper may spark the interest of future high school students in eighteenth-century literature, so they too can enjoy the wonderful workings of writers such as Swift, Defoe, and Pope. Works CitedDowling, William C. Teaching Eighteenth-Century Literature in the Pocockian Moment(Or, Flimnap on the Tightrope, Kramnick to the Rescue). College English 49 (1987) 523-532.Evler, Mescal, ed. Elements of Literature. Sixth Course Literature of Britain with WorldClassics. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston Austin, 1997. learner Hall. Literature Timeless Voices, Timeless Themes. The British Tradition. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1999.Shaw, Shelia. Shopping for Couplets Pope at the Supermarket. CEA Critic 39.3 (1977) 27-31.

Out of Your Car, Off Your Horse :: Wendell Berry Out of Your Car, Off Your Horse Ess

Out of Your Car, Off Your HorseWendell Berry in his essay Out of Your Car, Off Your Horse, lends favor to thinking globally is a bad idea. He endorses the idea of thinking locally. This encompasses beginning small at a local level and expanding out. The key element to his idea is a sustainable city in this city individuals would buy from local farmers thus increasing the economy of farming. As farming expands there would be a need for more workers to do farming. In his explanation he sees this as spilling over to the city people and encouraging them to become more aw are and become more agriculturally responsible. Berry states, If you want to accompaniment your local acts from repealing the globe you must think locally. In Berrys perspective you cant have global thinking, or protect globally, if you are non acting on a local level.At first glimpse I am ready to dispute with Berry about not thinking globally. In all of my management course both at the collegiate level and on the jo b they all continually say to run into at the big picture. All aspects of the problem should be considered and what the impact is on the overall system. I do disagree that global thinking will destroy our communities. I also bechance some of his sustainability ideas to be far reaching. When Berry refers to basically the city folk being forced to become agriculturally responsible, it is just delicate to see someone working on Wall Street coming home in the evening to plow his fields. Even though I find those type of ideas far fetched I do agree that for conservation to become global it should start at the local level.If each individual would contribute in spite of appearance their own community the community would reap economic and environmental rewards. The best idea I can think of is recycling. At this point in quantify there is no feasible way to completely eradicate the need for landfills the area used could be reduced. If every household and business would recycle the dimi nution of what goes to the landfill would be greatly reduced.I worked for about six months at a recycling cooperative. The job of the cooperative was to educate the public on recycling, market the recyclables, and olfactory perception for ways to bring recycling firms into the communities. This was a very successful project. Several abandoned business buildings were utilized to collect the recyclables.

Austria And Prussia 1815 - 1850 :: essays research papers

How did the relationship between Austria and Prussia develop after 1815 and before 1850?The relationship between Austria and Prussia developed a lot during the age of economic wealth, revolution and war. M whatever governments were restored in Europe (after the whiping Napoleon). Legitimate monarchy was set up meaning the hereditary ruling families would be restored to their old thr unitarys. This was agreed partially because it was seen as a more stable and suitable system suited to peace. Also Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor, saw it as a useful way to thwart the Russians and Prussian from gaining extra territory. It was also very difficult for the Russians and Prussians to argue it because it was their own system. The principle was not applied universally and both Austria and Prussia suffered because their heirs were mentally unstable and who in fact were mad. The Tsar put forward a proposal at the Congress that the Great Powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia should agree t o act jointly, using force if necessary, to restore any governments which had itself been overthrown by force. This was known as the Protocol of Troppau. This was a very disastrous to the liberals and nationalist everywhere who were trying to set up a better system. The defeat of Napoleon was a great encouragement to nationalism, and the idea of an independent united Germany had an emotional appeal. This was very appealing to many young university students, who often express themselves in romantic, passionate and impractical ways. The Carlsbad Decrees was set up to enforce press censorship, disbanded student societies, and introduce a commission to investigate revolutionary movementsThe formation of the Zollvein Union was one of the very first real steps that individualize Prussia from the other German states. Prussia increased their economic leadership, especially as she had successfully excluded Austria from the Zolleverin, but although Austria still maintained political leadersh ip in Germany. This relationship greatly separated Austria and Prussia.One major problem arose where the relationship of Austria and Prussia should have shared influence in the structured German Confederation or to have only Prussia as the major power speaker for Germany. The parliament was separated by different fractions of members who some cute a Grossdeutshland (Great Germany) which would include Austria in to the unified Germany and some who wanted a Kleindeutshland (Little Germany) which would exclude Austria and include the whole of Prussia.The Zollverin encourage the growth of railways, improvements in road and hence begin the Industrial Revolution.